Taxonomic Ranks

Developing an Ontology for Taxonomic Ranks

When the Teleost Taxonomy Ontology (TTO) was submitted to OBO, the suggestion was made that the terms for taxonomic ranks (e.g., Family, Genus, Species) should be broken out. At present, taxonomic ranks are included in the TTO and cross referenced to similar terms in the NCBI taxonomy ontology. Although the process of constructing an ontology of rank terms is straightforward, there are some semantic issues that need to be resolved.

The current implementation can be diagrammed as follows:

       Cyprinidae   -------------------->  Family
            ^             has_rank           
            |                                
       is_a |                                
            |                                
         Davario    -------------------->  Genus
            ^             has_rank           
            |                                
       is_a |                                 
            |                                
 Davario aequipinnatus ---------------->  Species
                         has_rank

In the first draft of the ranks ontology, submitted to Chris Mungal and Michael Ashburner, the rank terms are simply subclasses of taxonomic_rank. There is no relation defined between the rank terms. The has_rank relation, as defined in the NCBO ontology is a meta_data relation (c.f. OWL annotation properties), which means it is intended to be ignored by any reasoner.

As there is clearly an ordering among the rank terms, it would be worthwhile to define an ordering relation between terms so that the term 'family' is indicated as 'larger' or 'more inclusive' than the term 'genus.'

The proposed situation is

         TTO                                TaxonRank Ontology
  
       Cyprinidae   -------------------->  Family
            ^             has_rank           ^
            |                                |
       is_a |                                |  "rank_order"
            |                                |
         Davario    -------------------->  Genus
            ^             has_rank           ^
            |                                |
       is_a |                                |  "rank_order"
            |                                |
 Davario aequipinnatus ---------------->  Species
                         has_rank

There has been some question as to the nature of this ordering relation. There appear to be two points of view:

1. A special relation exists between taxonomic ranks. It would be transitive and antisymmetric.
2. The relation is simply part_of. Part_of is transitive and antisymmetric.

Chris Mungall's response to this question was:

 3. What about imposing an ordering among ranks and, if so, is part_of the appropriate relation?
 
 so with any ontology you should ask "what are the instances". In this case, the instances are best considered to be terms/classes/categories rather
 than something tangible in nature. This takes us close to weird metaclass modeling territory.
 
 but not to worry. I would say reserve part_of for "real" part_of relations, between objects and processes. I would just go with a custom relation for 
 ranks. I don't have strong opinions on what you name it - above/below? more_ancestral_than?
 
 Declare the relation transitive

There is another property of the 'rank ordering' that should be noted. The current TTO currently uses a rather limited number of taxonomic ranks. However, if this ontology is intended to be shared across OBO projects, it will need to incorporate additional taxonomic level terms. For example, the NCBI taxnomy defines over 30 rank terms. As other groups develop taxonomies they will want to add ranks that are used in their systems. Furthermore, the system of ranks is open-ended, so any particular group might need to add additional ranks in the future. However, any one taxonomy will only use a subset of these terms, which means that in most cases, the is_a relation between two taxa will frequently correspond to more than one link up the rank taxonomy. Another case where this situation comes up, even for a single taxonomy, is an incertae sedis taxa. Thus a definition for the ordering relation needs to work without depending on having every step in the rank chain correspond to a taxonomic term in each tip to root path in the tree.

Resolving this issue may depend on the resolution of a second, closely related issue that may have to be reopened for discussion.

Modeling Taxa

Following the example of the OBO translation of the NCBI taxonomy, the TTO models taxa as a hierarchy of classes, defined by an is_a relation based on set theory. This means that classes, hence taxa terms are represented as sets. The taxon as set model extends all the way down to and including the species level.

However, an increasingly influential view among philosophers of biology is that species should be not be seen as either classes (or natural kinds), but as evolutionary units, and hence as individuals (e.g., Hull 1974, Ghiselin 1978). In this view, species are not sets of individual organisms, rather there is a part_of relation between organisms and their species. The particular part_of relation is commonly portrayed as species (and other clades) being composed of lineages and lineages consisting of related individual organisms.

This view can be extended to consider clades as individuals, since they, like species are comprised of lineages. Individuals comprised of lineages might be modeled as instances of the class 'portion of clade', which might include species (the class of all individual species) as a particular subclass because individual species are evolutionary units, unlike larger clades.

Kevin de Queiroz and Jacques Gauthier